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- Apoptosis and its therapeutic implications in neurodegenerative diseases [NCBI]Clin Anat. 2021 Sep 23. doi: 10.1002/ca.23792. Online ahead of print.ABSTRACTNeurodegenerative disorders are characterized by progressive loss of particular populations of neurons. Apoptosis has been implicated in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson disease, Alzheimer disease, Huntington disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. In this review, we focus on the ... read more
- Preliminary examination of early neuroconnectivity features in the R6/1 mouse model of Huntington's disease by ultra-high field diffusion MRI [NCBI]Neural Regen Res. 2022 May;17(5):983-986. doi: 10.4103/1673-5374.324831.ABSTRACTDuring the last decades, advances in the understanding of genetic, cellular, and microstructural alterations associated to Huntington's disease (HD) have improved the understanding of this progressive and fatal illness. However, events related to early neuropathological events, neuroinflammation, deterioration of neuronal connectivity and compensatory mechanisms ... read more
- The structural basis of huntingtin (Htt) fibril polymorphism, revealed by cryo-EM of exon 1 Htt fibrils [BioRxiv_Neuroscience]The lack of detailed insight into the structure of aggregates formed by the huntingtin protein has hampered efforts to develop therapeutics and diagnostics targeting pathology formation in the brain of patients with Huntington's disease. To address this knowledge gap, we investigated the structural properties of in vitro generated fibrils from ... read more
- Peptide based therapy for neurological disorders [NCBI]Curr Protein Pept Sci. 2021 Sep 20. doi: 10.2174/1389203722666210920151810. Online ahead of print.ABSTRACTPeptides are small molecules composed of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds. The targeted action of these peptides along with their magnificent ability to reach locations in body that are complicated to access, is being considered of ... read more
- Cerebrospinal fluid amyloid beta and glial fibrillary acidic protein concentrations in Huntingtons disease [BioRxiv_Neuroscience]Introduction Huntingtons disease (HD) is a genetic incurable lethal disease. Biomarkers are needed for objective assessment of disease progression. Evidence supports both complex protein aggregation and astrocyte activation in HD. This study assesses the 42 amino acid long amyloid beta (A{beta}42) and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) as potential biomarkers ... read more
- Intravenous Drug Use-Associated Infective Endocarditis in Pregnant Patients at a Hospital in West Virginia [NCBI]Cureus. 2021 Aug 16;13(8):e17218. doi: 10.7759/cureus.17218. eCollection 2021 Aug.ABSTRACTIntroduction Due to high levels of intravenous drug use (IVDU) in West Virginia (WV), there are increasing numbers of hospitalizations for infective endocarditis (IE). More specifically, pregnant patients with IE are a uniquely challenging population, with complex management and a clinical course ... read more
- A Chinese Han pedigree with Huntington disease mimicking spinocerebellar ataxia [NCBI]J Neurol Sci. 2021 Sep 14;430:119985. doi: 10.1016/j.jns.2021.119985. Online ahead of print.NO ABSTRACTPMID:34543932 | DOI:10.1016/j.jns.2021.119985 ... read more
- YAC128 mouse model of Huntington disease is protected against subtle chronic manganese (Mn)-induced behavioral and neuropathological changes [NCBI]Neurotoxicology. 2021 Sep 17:S0161-813X(21)00114-5. doi: 10.1016/j.neuro.2021.09.002. Online ahead of print.ABSTRACTManganese (Mn) is an essential micronutrient but excessive levels induce neurotoxic effects. Increasing evidence suggests a deficit of bioavailable Mn in Huntington disease (HD), an inherited neurodegenerative disease characterized by motor and cognitive disturbances. Previous studies have shown rescue of some ... read more
- Functional network topography of the medial entorhinal cortex [BioRxiv_Neuroscience]The medial entorhinal cortex (MEC) creates a map of local space, based on the firing patterns of grid, head direction (HD), border, and object-vector (OV) cells. How these cell types are organized anatomically is debated. In-depth analysis of this question requires collection of precise anatomical and activity data across large ... read more
- Gut dysbiosis, defective autophagy and altered immune responses in neurodegenerative diseases: Tales of a vicious cycle [NCBI]Pharmacol Ther. 2021 Sep 15:107988. doi: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.107988. Online ahead of print.ABSTRACTThe human microbiota comprises trillions of symbiotic microorganisms and is involved in regulating gastrointestinal (GI), immune, nervous system and metabolic homeostasis. Recent observations suggest a bidirectional communication between the gut microbiota and the brain via immune, circulatory and neural pathways, ... read more
- Age of Onset of Huntington's Disease in Carriers of Reduced Penetrance Alleles [NCBI]Mov Disord. 2021 Sep 18. doi: 10.1002/mds.28789. Online ahead of print.ABSTRACTBACKGROUND: Age of manifest Huntington's disease (HD) onset correlates with number of CAG repeats in the huntingtin gene. Little is known about onset with 36 to 39 repeats, the "reduced penetrance" (RP) range.OBJECTIVES: We provide allele-specific estimates of HD penetrance ... read more
- Synaptic vesicle glycoprotein 2A is affected in the CNS of Huntington's Disease mice and post-mortem human HD brain [NCBI]J Nucl Med. 2021 Sep 16:jnumed.121.262709. doi: 10.2967/jnumed.121.262709. Online ahead of print.ABSTRACTSynaptic dysfunction is a primary mechanism underlying Huntington's Disease (HD) progression. This study investigated changes in synaptic vesicle glycoprotein 2A (SV2A) density by means of 11C-UCB-J microPET imaging in the central nervous system (CNS) of HD mice. METHODS: Dynamic ... read more
- Long Non-coding RNAs in Pathogenesis of Neurodegenerative Diseases [NCBI]Front Cell Dev Biol. 2021 Aug 30;9:719247. doi: 10.3389/fcell.2021.719247. eCollection 2021.ABSTRACTEmerging evidence addresses the link between the aberrant epigenetic regulation of gene expression and numerous diseases including neurological disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and Huntington's disease (HD). LncRNAs, a class of ncRNAs, ... read more
- Changes in histaminergic system in neuropsychiatric disorders and the potential treatment consequences [NCBI]Curr Neuropharmacol. 2021 Sep 9. doi: 10.2174/1570159X19666210909144930. Online ahead of print.ABSTRACTIn contrast to that of other monoamine neurotransmitters, the association of the histaminergic system with neuropsychiatric disorders is not well documented. In the last two decades, several clinical studies involved in the development of drugs targeting the histaminergic system have ... read more
- Isoform-specific reduction of the basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor TCF4 levels in Huntington's disease [NCBI]eNeuro. 2021 Sep 13:ENEURO.0197-21.2021. doi: 10.1523/ENEURO.0197-21.2021. Online ahead of print.ABSTRACTHuntington's disease (HD) is an inherited neurodegenerative disorder with onset of characteristic motor symptoms at midlife, preceded by subtle cognitive and behavioral disturbances. Transcriptional dysregulation emerges early in the disease course and is considered central to HD pathogenesis. Using wild-type and ... read more
- Mitochondrial Abnormalities and Synaptic Damage in Huntington's Disease: a Focus on Defective Mitophagy and Mitochondria-Targeted Therapeutics [NCBI]Mol Neurobiol. 2021 Sep 14. doi: 10.1007/s12035-021-02556-x. Online ahead of print.ABSTRACTHuntington's disease (HD) is a fatal and pure genetic disease with a progressive loss of medium spiny neurons (MSN). HD is caused by expanded polyglutamine repeats in the exon 1 of HD gene. Clinically, HD is characterized by chorea, seizures, ... read more
- Oligonucleotides Targeting DNA Repeats Downregulate Huntingtin Gene Expression in Huntington's Patient-Derived Neural Model System [NCBI]Nucleic Acid Ther. 2021 Sep 13. doi: 10.1089/nat.2021.0021. Online ahead of print.ABSTRACTHuntington's disease (HD) is one of the most common, dominantly inherited neurodegenerative disorders. It affects the striatum, cerebral cortex, and other subcortical structures leading to involuntary movement abnormalities, emotional disturbances, and cognitive impairments. HD is caused by a CAG•CTG ... read more
- Role of Mitochondria in Neurodegenerative Diseases: From an Epigenetic Perspective [NCBI]Front Cell Dev Biol. 2021 Aug 27;9:688789. doi: 10.3389/fcell.2021.688789. eCollection 2021.ABSTRACTMitochondria, the centers of energy metabolism, have been shown to participate in epigenetic regulation of neurodegenerative diseases. Epigenetic modification of nuclear genes encoding mitochondrial proteins has an impact on mitochondria homeostasis, including mitochondrial biogenesis, and quality, which plays role in ... read more
- Implications of FBXW7 in Neurodevelopment and Neurodegeneration: Molecular Mechanisms and Therapeutic Potential [NCBI]Front Cell Neurosci. 2021 Aug 25;15:736008. doi: 10.3389/fncel.2021.736008. eCollection 2021.ABSTRACTThe ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) mediated protein degradation is crucial to maintain quantitive and functional homeostasis of diverse proteins. Balanced cellular protein homeostasis controlled by UPS is fundamental to normal neurological functions while impairment of UPS can also lead to some neurodevelopmental ... read more
- Extracellular miRNA biomarkers in neurologic disease: is cerebrospinal fluid helpful? [NCBI]Biomark Med. 2021 Sep 13. doi: 10.2217/bmm-2021-0092. Online ahead of print.ABSTRACTAim: The aim of our work is to aggregate data from publications of cerebrospinal fluid extracellular miRNA to identify candidate diagnostic biomarkers, and those warranting further study. Materials & methods: Data were pooled from nine studies, encompassing 864 patients across ... read more
- Role of Adenosine Receptors in Rare Neurodegenerative Diseases with Motor Symptoms [NCBI]Curr Protein Pept Sci. 2021 Sep 9. doi: 10.2174/1389203722666210910110126. Online ahead of print.ABSTRACTThe approval of istradefylline, an adenosine 2A receptor (A2AR) antagonist, as an add-on treatment in adult patients with Parkinson's disease by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and European Medicines Agency (EMA), is the latest proof of the ... read more
- Housing R6/2 Mice with Wild-Type Littermates Increases Lifespan [NCBI]J Huntingtons Dis. 2021 Sep 7. doi: 10.3233/JHD-210474. Online ahead of print.ABSTRACTThe R6/2 murine model of Huntington's disease (HD) is extensively used in HD research. The current study replicates and extends previous work assessing the impact of housing R6/2 mice with healthy wild-type (WT) littermates on disease progression. The current ... read more
- Fisetin, potential flavonoid with multifarious targets for treating neurological disorders: An updated review [NCBI]Eur J Pharmacol. 2021 Sep 10:174492. doi: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.174492. Online ahead of print.ABSTRACTNeurodegenerative disorders pose a significant health burden and imprint a debilitative impact on the quality of life. Importantly, aging is intricately intertwined with the progression of these disorders, and their prevalence increases with a rise in the aging population ... read more
- Hippocampal and striatal volumes correlate with spatial memory impairment in Huntington's disease [NCBI]J Neurosci Res. 2021 Sep 13. doi: 10.1002/jnr.24966. Online ahead of print.ABSTRACTSpatial memory impairments are observed in people with Huntington's disease (HD), however, the domain of spatial memory has received little focus when characterizing the cognitive phenotype of HD. Spatial memory is traditionally thought to be a hippocampal-dependent function, while ... read more
- Licofelone, a potent COX/5-LOX inhibitor and a novel option for treatment of neurological disorders [NCBI]Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat. 2021 Sep 10:106587. doi: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2021.106587. Online ahead of print.ABSTRACTNeurological disorders result in disability and morbidity. Neuroinflammation is a key factor involved in progression or resolution of a series of neurological disorders like Huntington disease (HD), Parkinson's disease (PD), Alzheimer's disease (AD), Spinal Cord Injury (SCI), and ... read more
- Specificity and sensitivity of an RNA targeting type III CRISPR complex coupled with a NucC endonuclease effector [BioRxiv_Biochemistry]Type III CRISPR systems detect invading RNA, resulting in the activation of the enzymatic Cas10 subunit. The Cas10 cyclase domain generates cyclic oligoadenylate (cOA) second messenger molecules, activating a variety of effector nucleases that degrade nucleic acids to provide immunity. The prophage-encoded Vibrio metoecus type III-B (VmeCmr) locus is uncharacterised, ... read more
- Exploring the Potential of Reinforcement Learning as a Clinical Biomarker in Premanifest Huntington's Disease [NCBI]Biol Psychiatry Cogn Neurosci Neuroimaging. 2021 Sep;6(9):854-855. doi: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2021.06.003.NO ABSTRACTPMID:34507629 | DOI:10.1016/j.bpsc.2021.06.003 ... read more
- An Overview of the Nrf2/ARE Pathway and Its Role in Neurodegenerative Diseases [NCBI]Int J Mol Sci. 2021 Sep 4;22(17):9592. doi: 10.3390/ijms22179592.ABSTRACTNrf2 is a basic region leucine-zipper transcription factor that plays a pivotal role in the coordinated gene expression of antioxidant and detoxifying enzymes, promoting cell survival in adverse environmental or defective metabolic conditions. After synthesis, Nrf2 is arrested in the cytoplasm by ... read more
- Therapeutic Potential of Natural Products in Treating Neurodegenerative Disorders and Their Future Prospects and Challenges [NCBI]Molecules. 2021 Sep 2;26(17):5327. doi: 10.3390/molecules26175327.ABSTRACTNatural products derived from plants, as well as their bioactive compounds, have been extensively studied in recent years for their therapeutic potential in a variety of neurodegenerative diseases (NDs), including Alzheimer's (AD), Huntington's (HD), and Parkinson's (PD) disease. These diseases are characterized by progressive dysfunction ... read more
- Clustering of Brain Tumor Based on Analysis of MRI Images Using Robust Principal Component Analysis (ROBPCA) Algorithm [NCBI]Biomed Res Int. 2021 Aug 31;2021:5516819. doi: 10.1155/2021/5516819. eCollection 2021.ABSTRACTAutomated detection of brain tumor location is essential for both medical and analytical uses. In this paper, we clustered brain MRI images to detect tumor location. To obtain perfect results, we presented an unsupervised robust PCA algorithm to clustered images. The ... read more
- Pharmacological characterization of mutant huntingtin aggregate-directed PET imaging tracer candidates [NCBI]Sci Rep. 2021 Sep 9;11(1):17977. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-97334-z.ABSTRACTHuntington's disease (HD) is caused by a CAG trinucleotide repeat expansion in the first exon of the huntingtin (HTT) gene coding for the huntingtin (HTT) protein. The misfolding and consequential aggregation of CAG-expanded mutant HTT (mHTT) underpin HD pathology. Our interest in the life ... read more
- Intracortical surface-based MR diffusivity to investigate neurologic and psychiatric disorders: a review [NCBI]J Neuroimaging. 2021 Sep 10. doi: 10.1111/jon.12930. Online ahead of print.ABSTRACTDiffusion tensor imaging (DTI) allows the quantification of water diffusivity within the cerebral cortex. Alterations in cortical mean diffusivity (MD) have been suggested to reflect microstructural damage. Interestingly, microstructural changes can be detected in the absence of macrostructural alterations such ... read more
- Huntington's Disease Integrated Staging System (HD-ISS): A Novel Evidence-Based Classification System For Staging [MedRxiv_Neurology]Background Despite the monogenic autosomal dominant nature of Huntington's disease (HD), the current research paradigm is still based on overt clinical phenotypes and does not address disease pathobiology and biomarkers that are evident decades before functional decline. A new research framework is needed to standardize clinical research and enable interventional ... read more
- Differences in proteomic profiles between yak and three cattle strains provide insights into molecular mechanisms underlying high-altitude adaptation [NCBI]J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl). 2021 Sep 8. doi: 10.1111/jpn.13629. Online ahead of print.ABSTRACTYaks display unique properties of the lung and heart, enabling their adaptation to high-altitude environments, but the underlying molecular mechanisms are still largely unknown. In the present study, the proteome differences in lung and heart tissues ... read more
- Exploring the Role of Orexinergic Neurons in Parkinson's Disease [NCBI]Neurotox Res. 2021 Sep 8. doi: 10.1007/s12640-021-00411-4. Online ahead of print.ABSTRACTParkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disease affecting about 2% of the population. A neuropeptide, orexin, is linked with sleep abnormalities in the parkinsonian patient. This study aimed to review the changes in the orexinergic system in parkinsonian subjects and ... read more
- Ophthalmic manifestations of dementing disorders [NCBI]Curr Opin Ophthalmol. 2021 Sep 7. doi: 10.1097/ICU.0000000000000807. Online ahead of print.ABSTRACTPURPOSE OF REVIEW: Dementia is a term for loss of memory, language, problem-solving, and other thinking abilities, which significantly interferes with daily life. Certain dementing conditions may also affect visual function. The eye is an accessible window to the ... read more
- The Functional Roles of Curcumin on Astrocytes in Neurodegenerative Diseases [NCBI]Neuroimmunomodulation. 2021 Sep 8:1-11. doi: 10.1159/000517901. Online ahead of print.ABSTRACTProgressive abnormality and loss of axons and neurons in the central nervous system (CNS) cause neurodegenerative diseases (NDs). Protein misfolding and its collection are the most important pathological features of NDs. Astrocytes are the most plentiful cells in the mammalian CNS ... read more
- Neuroprotective effects of neuropeptide Y against neurodegenerative disease [NCBI]Curr Neuropharmacol. 2021 Sep 6. doi: 10.2174/1570159X19666210906120302. Online ahead of print.ABSTRACTNeuropeptide Y (NPY), a 36 amino acid peptide, is widely expressed in the mammalian brain. Changes in NPY levels in different brain regions and plasma have been described in several neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, Amyotrophic ... read more
- Small-molecule suppression of calpastatin degradation reduces neuropathology in models of Huntington's disease [NCBI]Nat Commun. 2021 Sep 6;12(1):5305. doi: 10.1038/s41467-021-25651-y.ABSTRACTMitochondrial dysfunction is a common hallmark of neurological disorders, and reducing mitochondrial damage is considered a promising neuroprotective therapeutic strategy. Here, we used high-throughput small molecule screening to identify CHIR99021 as a potent enhancer of mitochondrial function. CHIR99021 improved mitochondrial phenotypes and enhanced cell ... read more
- CX3CL1/CX3CR1 signaling targets for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases [NCBI]Pharmacol Ther. 2021 Sep 4:107989. doi: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.107989. Online ahead of print.ABSTRACTNeuroinflammation was initially thought of as a consequence of neurodegenerative disease pathology, but more recently it is becoming clear that it plays a significant role in the development and progression of disease. Thus, neuroinflammation is seen as a realistic and ... read more
- The Nt17 domain and its helical conformation regulate the aggregation, cellular properties and neurotoxicity of mutant huntingtin exon 1 [NCBI]J Mol Biol. 2021 Sep 4:167222. doi: 10.1016/j.jmb.2021.167222. Online ahead of print.ABSTRACTConverging evidence points to the N-terminal domain comprising the first 17 amino acids of the Huntingtin protein (Nt17) as a key regulator of its aggregation, cellular properties and toxicity. In this study, we further investigated the interplay between Nt17 ... read more
- Orexinergic System in Neurodegenerative Diseases [NCBI]Front Aging Neurosci. 2021 Aug 17;13:713201. doi: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.713201. eCollection 2021.ABSTRACTOrexinergic system consisting of orexins and orexin receptors plays an essential role in regulating sleep-wake states, whereas sleep disruption is a common symptom of a number of neurodegenerative diseases. Emerging evidence reveals that the orexinergic system is disturbed in various neurodegenerative ... read more
- Calcium Permeable-AMPA Receptors and Excitotoxicity in Neurological Disorders [NCBI]Front Neural Circuits. 2021 Aug 17;15:711564. doi: 10.3389/fncir.2021.711564. eCollection 2021.ABSTRACTExcitotoxicity is one of the primary mechanisms of cell loss in a variety of diseases of the central and peripheral nervous systems. Other than the previously established signaling pathways of excitotoxicity, which depend on the excessive release of glutamate from axon ... read more
- Enroll-HD: An Integrated Clinical Research Platform and Worldwide Observational Study for Huntington's Disease [NCBI]Front Neurol. 2021 Aug 18;12:667420. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2021.667420. eCollection 2021.ABSTRACTEstablished in July 2012, Enroll-HD is both an integrated clinical research platform and a worldwide observational study designed to meet the clinical research requirements necessary to develop therapeutics for Huntington's disease (HD). The platform offers participants a low-burden entry into HD research, ... read more
- The Ageing Brain: Molecular and Cellular Basis of Neurodegeneration [NCBI]Front Cell Dev Biol. 2021 Aug 13;9:683459. doi: 10.3389/fcell.2021.683459. eCollection 2021.ABSTRACTAgeing is an inevitable event in the lifecycle of all organisms, characterized by progressive physiological deterioration and increased vulnerability to death. Ageing has also been described as the primary risk factor of most neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's ... read more
- Cognitive and Affective Empathy in Huntington's Disease [NCBI]J Huntingtons Dis. 2021 Aug 30. doi: 10.3233/JHD-210469. Online ahead of print.ABSTRACTBACKGROUND: Empathy is a multidimensional construct and a key component of social cognition. In Huntington's disease (HD), little is known regarding the phenomenology and the neural correlates of cognitive and affective empathy, and regarding how empathic deficits interact with ... read more
- Polyglutamine diseases [NCBI]Curr Opin Neurobiol. 2021 Sep 3;72:39-47. doi: 10.1016/j.conb.2021.07.001. Online ahead of print.ABSTRACTPolyglutamine diseases are a collection of nine CAG trinucleotide expansion disorders, presenting with a spectrum of neurological and clinical phenotypes. Recent human, mouse and cell studies of Huntington's disease have highlighted the role of DNA repair genes in somatic ... read more
- Biallelic ADPRHL2 mutations in complex neuropathy affect ADP ribosylation and DNA damage response [NCBI]Life Sci Alliance. 2021 Sep 3;4(11):e202101057. doi: 10.26508/lsa.202101057. Print 2021 Nov.ABSTRACTADP ribosylation is a reversible posttranslational modification mediated by poly(ADP-ribose)transferases (e.g., PARP1) and (ADP-ribosyl)hydrolases (e.g., ARH3 and PARG), ensuring synthesis and removal of mono-ADP-ribose or poly-ADP-ribose chains on protein substrates. Dysregulation of ADP ribosylation signaling has been associated with several ... read more
- circRNA Regulates Dopaminergic Synapse, MAPK, and Long-term Depression Pathways in Huntington Disease [NCBI]Mol Neurobiol. 2021 Sep 2. doi: 10.1007/s12035-021-02536-1. Online ahead of print.ABSTRACTHuntington disease (HD) is the most common neurogenetic disorder caused by expansion of the CAG repeat in the HTT gene; nevertheless, the molecular bases of the disease are not fully understood. Non-coding RNAs have demonstrated to be involved in the ... read more
- Nanotechnology-based drug delivery for central nervous system disorders [NCBI]Biomed Pharmacother. 2021 Aug 31;143:112117. doi: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112117. Online ahead of print.ABSTRACTDrug delivery to central nervous system (CNS) diseases is very challenging since the presence of the innate blood-brain barrier (BBB) and the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier that impede drug delivery. Among new strategies to overcome these limitations and successfully deliver drugs ... read more
- Neuroprotective effects of the CTK 01512-2 toxin against neurotoxicity induced by 3-nitropropionic acid in rats [NCBI]Neurotoxicology. 2021 Aug 31:S0161-813X(21)00101-7. doi: 10.1016/j.neuro.2021.08.016. Online ahead of print.ABSTRACTThe mitochondrial inhibitor 3-nitropropionic acid (3-NP) induces excitotoxicity. The authors hypothesized that CTK 01512-2, a recombinant peptide calcium channel N-type blocker, and the TRPA1 antagonist, could show neuroprotective effects. The male Wistar rats received 3-NP [25 mg/kg (i.p.) for 7 days], ... read more
- Deep brain stimulation in Huntington's disease: a literature review [NCBI]Neurol Sci. 2021 Sep 1. doi: 10.1007/s10072-021-05527-1. Online ahead of print.ABSTRACTBACKGROUND: Huntington's disease (HD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by involuntary movements, cognitive decline, and behavioral changes. The complex constellation of clinical symptoms still makes the therapeutic management challenging. In the new era of functional neurosurgery, deep brain stimulation (DBS) ... read more
- DNA polymerase teta promotes CAGCTG repeat expansions in Huntington's disease via insertion sequences of its catalytic domain [NCBI]J Biol Chem. 2021 Aug 30:101144. doi: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.101144. Online ahead of print.ABSTRACTHuntington's disease (HD), a neurodegenerative disease characterized by progressive dementia, psychiatric problems, and chorea, is known to be caused by CAG repeat expansions in the HD gene HTT. However, the mechanism of this pathology is not fully understood. The ... read more
- Label propagation-based semi-supervised feature selection on decoding clinical phenotypes with RNA-seq data [NCBI]BMC Med Genomics. 2021 Aug 31;14(Suppl 1):141. doi: 10.1186/s12920-021-00985-0.ABSTRACTBACKGROUND: Clinically, behavior, cognitive, and mental functions are affected during the neurodegenerative disease progression. To date, the molecular pathogenesis of these complex disease is still unclear. With the rapid development of sequencing technologies, it is possible to delicately decode the molecular mechanisms ... read more
- Multiplatform metabolomic analysis of the R6/2 mouse model of Huntington's disease [NCBI]FEBS Open Bio. 2021 Sep 1. doi: 10.1002/2211-5463.13285. Online ahead of print.ABSTRACTHuntington's disease (HD) is a progressive, neurodegenerative disease characterized by motor, cognitive and psychiatric symptoms. To investigate the metabolic alterations that occur in HD, here we examined plasma and whole brain metabolomic profiles of the R6/2 mouse model of ... read more
- FAN1 controls mismatch repair complex assembly via MLH1 retention to stabilize CAG repeat expansion in Huntington's disease [NCBI]Cell Rep. 2021 Aug 31;36(9):109649. doi: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109649.ABSTRACTCAG repeat expansion in the HTT gene drives Huntington's disease (HD) pathogenesis and is modulated by DNA damage repair pathways. In this context, the interaction between FAN1, a DNA-structure-specific nuclease, and MLH1, member of the DNA mismatch repair pathway (MMR), is not defined. Here, ... read more
- Calcium Dysregulation and Compensation in Cortical Pyramidal Neurons of the R6/2 Mouse Model of Huntington's Disease [NCBI]J Neurophysiol. 2021 Sep 1. doi: 10.1152/jn.00181.2021. Online ahead of print.ABSTRACTHuntington's disease (HD) is a fatal, hereditary neurodegenerative disorder that predominantly affects striatal medium-sized spiny neurons and cortical pyramidal neurons (CPNs). It has been proposed that perturbations in Ca2+ homeostasis could play a role in CPN alterations. To test this ... read more
- Incidence of completed suicide and suicide attempts in a global prospective study of Huntington's disease [NCBI]BJPsych Open. 2021 Aug 31;7(5):e158. doi: 10.1192/bjo.2021.969.ABSTRACTBACKGROUND: Risk of death from suicide in Huntington's disease is notably elevated relative to that in the general population, although the incidence within HD populations has not been precisely defined. Robust incidence estimates of suicidal behavior can serve as references for HD therapeutic research ... read more
- Population dynamics of the thalamic head direction system during drift and reorientation [BioRxiv_Neuroscience]The head direction (HD) system is classically modeled as a ring attractor network which ensures a stable representation of the animal's head direction. This unidimensional description popularized the view of the HD system as the brain's internal compass. However, unlike a globally consistent magnetic compass, the orientation of the HD ... read more
- Profilin Isoforms in Health and Disease – All the Same but Different [NCBI]Front Cell Dev Biol. 2021 Aug 12;9:681122. doi: 10.3389/fcell.2021.681122. eCollection 2021.ABSTRACTProfilins are small actin binding proteins, which are structurally conserved throughout evolution. They are probably best known to promote and direct actin polymerization. However, they also participate in numerous cell biological processes beyond the roles typically ascribed to the actin ... read more
- Hearing Loss in Neurological Disorders [NCBI]Front Cell Dev Biol. 2021 Aug 11;9:716300. doi: 10.3389/fcell.2021.716300. eCollection 2021.ABSTRACTSensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) affects approximately 466 million people worldwide, which is projected to reach 900 million by 2050. Its histological characteristics are lesions in cochlear hair cells, supporting cells, and auditory nerve endings. Neurological disorders cover a wide range ... read more
- Disease network data for the pesticide fipronil in rat dopamine cells [NCBI]Data Brief. 2021 Aug 16;38:107299. doi: 10.1016/j.dib.2021.107299. eCollection 2021 Oct.ABSTRACTTranscriptome data were collected in rat dopamine cells exposed to fipronil for 24 h using microarray analysis. Fipronil is a phenylpyrazole pesticide that acts to inhibit gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), blocking inhibitory synaptic transmission in the central nervous system. Transcriptome data were ... read more
- The Regulatory Role of Both MBNL1 and MBNL1-AS1 in Several Common Cancers [NCBI]Curr Pharm Des. 2021 Aug 29. doi: 10.2174/1381612827666210830110732. Online ahead of print.ABSTRACTBACKGROUND: MBNL1, a protein encoded by q25 gene on chromosome 3, belongs to the tissue-specific RNA metabolic regulation family, which controls RNA splicing.[1]MBNL1 formed in the process of development drive large transcriptomic changes in cell differentiation,[2] it serves as ... read more
- Effects of excitotoxicity in the hypothalamus in transgenic mouse models of Huntington disease [NCBI]Heliyon. 2021 Aug 14;7(8):e07808. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e07808. eCollection 2021 Aug.ABSTRACTHuntington disease (HD) is a fatal neurodegenerative movement disorder caused by an expanded CAG repeat in the huntingtin gene (HTT). The mutant huntingtin protein is ubiquitously expressed, but only certain brain regions are affected. The hypothalamus has emerged as an important area ... read more
- Polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1) signaling in cancer and beyond [NCBI]Biochem Pharmacol. 2021 Aug 26:114747. doi: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114747. Online ahead of print.ABSTRACTPLK1 is an evolutionary conserved Ser/Thr kinase that is best known for its role in cell cycle regulation and is expressed predominantly during the G2/S and M phase of the cell cycle. PLK1-mediated phosphorylation of specific substrates controls cell entry ... read more
- Cooperative Amyloid Fibre Binding and Disassembly by the Hsp70 disaggregase [BioRxiv_Biochemistry]Although amyloid fibres are highly stable protein aggregates, a specific combination of human Hsp70 system chaperones can disassemble them, including fibres formed of -synuclein, huntingtin or Tau. Disaggregation requires the ATPase activity of the constitutively expressed Hsp70, Hsc70, together with the J domain protein DNAJB1 and the nucleotide exchange factor ... read more
- Solid Lipid Nanoparticles (SLNs): An Advanced Drug Delivery System Targeting Brain through BBB [NCBI]Pharmaceutics. 2021 Jul 31;13(8):1183. doi: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13081183.ABSTRACTThe blood-brain barrier (BBB) plays a vital role in the protection and maintenance of homeostasis in the brain. In this way, it is an interesting target as an interface for various types of drug delivery, specifically in the context of the treatment of several neuropathological ... read more
- Applications of CRISPR as a potential therapeutic [NCBI]Life Sci. 2021 Aug 25:119908. doi: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119908. Online ahead of print.ABSTRACTGenetic disorders and congenital abnormalities are present in 2-5% of births all over the world and can cause up to 50% of all early childhood deaths. The establishment of sophisticated and controlled techniques for customizing DNA manipulation is significant for ... read more
- Mitophagy Regulates Neurodegenerative Diseases [NCBI]Cells. 2021 Jul 24;10(8):1876. doi: 10.3390/cells10081876.ABSTRACTMitochondria play an essential role in supplying energy for the health and survival of neurons. Mitophagy is a metabolic process that removes dysfunctional or redundant mitochondria. This process preserves mitochondrial health. However, defective mitophagy triggers the accumulation of damaged mitochondria, causing major neurodegenerative disorders. This ... read more
- Combination of Drugs and Cell Transplantation: More Beneficial Stem Cell-Based Regenerative Therapies Targeting Neurological Disorders [NCBI]Int J Mol Sci. 2021 Aug 22;22(16):9047. doi: 10.3390/ijms22169047.ABSTRACTCell transplantation therapy using pluripotent/multipotent stem cells has gained attention as a novel therapeutic strategy for treating neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's disease, ischemic stroke, and spinal cord injury. To fully realize the potential of cell transplantation therapy, new ... read more
- Structure, Activity and Function of the SETDB1 Protein Methyltransferase [NCBI]Life (Basel). 2021 Aug 11;11(8):817. doi: 10.3390/life11080817.ABSTRACTThe SET Domain Bifurcated Histone Lysine Methyltransferase 1 (SETDB1) is a prominent member of the Suppressor of Variegation 3-9 (SUV39)-related protein lysine methyltransferases (PKMTs), comprising three isoforms that differ in length and domain composition. SETDB1 is widely expressed in human tissues, methylating Histone 3 ... read more
- Identifying the Effects of Reactive Oxygen Species on Mitochondrial Dynamics and Cytoskeleton Stability in Dictyostelium discoideum [NCBI]Cells. 2021 Aug 20;10(8):2147. doi: 10.3390/cells10082147.ABSTRACTDefects in mitochondrial dynamics, fission, fusion, and motility have been implicated in the pathogenesis of multiple neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's disease, and Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease. Another key feature of neurodegeneration is the increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS). Previous work has shown ... read more
- High Frequency of Concomitant Bladder, Bowel, and Sexual Symptoms in Huntington's Disease: A Self-Reported Questionnaire Study [NCBI]J Pers Med. 2021 Jul 25;11(8):714. doi: 10.3390/jpm11080714.ABSTRACTHuntington's disease (HD) can be associated with pathologic involvement beyond the striatum including the autonomic nervous system. Bladder, bowel, and sexual dysfunction have been reported independently in HD, but little is known about their concomitant occurrence. To document this concomitant phenomena, forty-eight subjects ... read more
- New Avenues for the Treatment of Huntington's Disease [NCBI]Int J Mol Sci. 2021 Aug 4;22(16):8363. doi: 10.3390/ijms22168363.ABSTRACTHuntington's disease (HD) is a neurodegenerative disorder caused by a CAG expansion in the HD gene. The disease is characterized by neurodegeneration, particularly in the striatum and cortex. The first symptoms usually appear in mid-life and include cognitive deficits and motor disturbances ... read more
- Perceptions about Research Participation among Individuals at Risk and Individuals with Premanifest Huntington's Disease: A Survey Conducted by the European Huntington Association [NCBI]J Pers Med. 2021 Aug 20;11(8):815. doi: 10.3390/jpm11080815.ABSTRACTThere has been great progress in Huntington's disease (HD) research. Yet, effective treatments to halt disease before the onset of disabling symptoms are still unavailable. Scientific breakthroughs require an active and lasting commitment from families. However, they are traditionally less involved and heard ... read more
- miR-302 Attenuates Mutant Huntingtin-Induced Cytotoxicity through Restoration of Autophagy and Insulin Sensitivity [NCBI]Int J Mol Sci. 2021 Aug 5;22(16):8424. doi: 10.3390/ijms22168424.ABSTRACTHuntington's disease (HD) is an autosomal-dominant brain disorder caused by mutant huntingtin (mHtt). Although the detailed mechanisms remain unclear, the mutational expansion of polyglutamine in mHtt is proposed to induce protein aggregates and neuronal toxicity. Previous studies have shown that the decreased ... read more
- Decreased Interactions between Calmodulin and a Mutant Huntingtin Model Might Reduce the Cytotoxic Level of Intracellular Ca2+: A Molecular Dynamics Study [NCBI]Int J Mol Sci. 2021 Aug 21;22(16):9025. doi: 10.3390/ijms22169025.ABSTRACTMutant huntingtin (m-HTT) proteins and calmodulin (CaM) co-localize in the cerebral cortex with significant effects on the intracellular calcium levels by altering the specific calcium-mediated signals. Furthermore, the mutant huntingtin proteins show great affinity for CaM that can lead to a further ... read more
- Transglutaminase 6 Is Colocalized and Interacts with Mutant Huntingtin in Huntington Disease Rodent Animal Models [NCBI]Int J Mol Sci. 2021 Aug 18;22(16):8914. doi: 10.3390/ijms22168914.ABSTRACTMammalian transglutaminases (TGs) catalyze calcium-dependent irreversible posttranslational modifications of proteins and their enzymatic activities contribute to the pathogenesis of several human neurodegenerative diseases. Although different transglutaminases are found in many different tissues, the TG6 isoform is mostly expressed in the CNS. The ... read more
- Early white matter pathology in the fornix of the limbic system in Huntington disease [NCBI]Acta Neuropathol. 2021 Aug 26. doi: 10.1007/s00401-021-02362-8. Online ahead of print.ABSTRACTHuntington disease (HD) is a fatal neurodegenerative disorder caused by an expanded CAG repeat in the huntingtin (HTT) gene. The typical motor symptoms have been associated with basal ganglia pathology. However, psychiatric and cognitive symptoms often precede the motor component ... read more
- A drug candidate for Alzheimer's and Huntington's disease, PBT2, can be repurposed to render Neisseria gonorrhoeae susceptible to natural cationic antimicrobial peptides [NCBI]J Antimicrob Chemother. 2021 Aug 27:dkab291. doi: 10.1093/jac/dkab291. Online ahead of print.ABSTRACTBACKGROUND: Neisseria gonorrhoeae is a Gram-negative bacterial pathogen that causes gonorrhoea. No vaccine is available to prevent gonorrhoea and the emergence of MDR N. gonorrhoeae strains represents an immediate public health threat.OBJECTIVES: To evaluate whether PBT2/zinc may sensitize MDR ... read more
- Sleep disturbances by disease type and stage in Huntington's disease [NCBI]Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2021 Aug 21;91:13-18. doi: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2021.08.011. Online ahead of print.ABSTRACTINTRODUCTION: Sleep disturbances are a common symptom in patients with Huntington's disease (HD). However, it is unclear when in the disease course of HD sleep disturbances become more frequent compared to the general population. This study investigated the frequency ... read more
- Rhes protein transits from neuron to neuron and facilitates mutant huntingtin spreading in the brain. [BioRxiv_Neuroscience]Rhes (RASD2) is a thyroid hormone-induced gene that regulates striatal motor activity and promotes neurodegeneration in Huntington disease (HD) and tauopathy. Previously, we showed that Rhes moves between cultured striatal neurons and transports the HD protein, polyglutamine-expanded huntingtin (mHTT) via tunneling nanotube (TNT)-like membranous protrusions. However, similar intercellular Rhes transport ... read more
- Genetic counseling and predictive testing for hereditary neuromuscular diseases [NCBI]Rinsho Shinkeigaku. 2021 Aug 26. doi: 10.5692/clinicalneurol.cn-001608. Online ahead of print.ABSTRACTRecent progress in genetic analysis can provide a precision diagnosis for many hereditary neuromuscular diseases in daily practice. Moreover, disease-modifying therapies such as nucleic acid medicine for patients with several neuromuscular diseases (i.e., hereditary ATTR amyloidosis, spinal muscular atrophy, and ... read more
- Integrative enrichment analysis of gene expression based on an artificial neuron [NCBI]BMC Med Genomics. 2021 Aug 25;14(Suppl 1):173. doi: 10.1186/s12920-021-00988-x.ABSTRACTBACKGROUND: Huntington's disease is a kind of chronic progressive neurodegenerative disease with complex pathogenic mechanisms. To data, the pathogenesis of Huntington's disease is still not fully understood, and there has been no effective treatment. The rapid development of high-throughput sequencing technologies makes ... read more
- Impaired refinement of kinematic variability in Huntington disease mice on an automated home-cage forelimb motor task [NCBI]J Neurosci. 2021 Aug 24:JN-RM-0165-21. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0165-21.2021. Online ahead of print.ABSTRACTThe effective development of novel therapies in mouse models of neurological disorders relies on behavioural assessments that provide accurate read-outs of neuronal dysfunction and/or degeneration. We designed an automated behavioural testing system ('PiPaw') which integrates an operant lever-pulling task directly ... read more
- A quantitative mapping approach to identify direct interactions within complexomes [BioRxiv_Systems_Biology]Complementary methods are required to fully characterize all protein complexes, or the complexome, of a cell. Affinity purification coupled to mass-spectrometry (AP-MS) can identify the composition of complexes at proteome-scale. However, information on direct contacts between subunits is often lacking. In contrast, solving the 3D structure of protein complexes can ... read more
- Decreased Expression of PACSIN1 in Brain Glioma Samples Predicts Poor Prognosis [NCBI]Front Mol Biosci. 2021 Aug 5;8:696072. doi: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.696072. eCollection 2021.ABSTRACTGliomas are the most severe brain tumours with a poor prognosis. Although surgery, postoperative radiotherapy and chemotherapy can improve the survival rate of glioma patients, the prognosis of most glioma patients is still poor. In recent years, the influence of gene-targeted ... read more
- Long Noncoding RNAs in Neurodegenerative Diseases: Pathogenesis and Potential Implications as Clinical Biomarkers [NCBI]Front Mol Neurosci. 2021 Aug 4;14:685143. doi: 10.3389/fnmol.2021.685143. eCollection 2021.ABSTRACTNeurodegenerative diseases (NDDs), including Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), Huntington's disease (HD), and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), are progressive and ultimately fatal. NDD onset is influenced by several factors including heredity and environmental cues. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are a ... read more
- Can Medial Temporal Impairment Be an Imaging Red Flag for Neurodegeneration in Disproportionately Enlarged Subarachnoid Space Hydrocephalus? [NCBI]J Alzheimers Dis. 2021 Aug 17. doi: 10.3233/JAD-210535. Online ahead of print.ABSTRACTBACKGROUND: The differentiation of idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (iNPH) from neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) and dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) is often challenging because of their non-specific symptoms. Therefore, various neuroradiological markers other than ventriculomegaly have ... read more
- Age-Dependent Degradation of Locomotion Encoding in Huntington's Disease R6/2 Model Mice [NCBI]J Huntingtons Dis. 2021 Aug 18. doi: 10.3233/JHD-210492. Online ahead of print.ABSTRACTBACKGROUND: Huntington's disease (HD) is an inherited fatal neurodegenerative disease, leading to neocortical and striatal atrophy. The commonly studied R6/2 HD transgenic mouse model displays progressive motor and cognitive deficits in parallel to major pathological changes in corticostriatal circuitry.OBJECTIVE: ... read more
- A Multi-Study Model-Based Evaluation of the Sequence of Imaging and Clinical Biomarker Changes in Huntington's Disease [NCBI]Front Big Data. 2021 Aug 5;4:662200. doi: 10.3389/fdata.2021.662200. eCollection 2021.ABSTRACTUnderstanding the order and progression of change in biomarkers of neurodegeneration is essential to detect the effects of pharmacological interventions on these biomarkers. In Huntington's disease (HD), motor, cognitive and MRI biomarkers are currently used in clinical trials of drug efficacy. ... read more
- MicroRNAs in Huntington's Disease: Diagnostic Biomarkers or Therapeutic Agents? [NCBI]Front Cell Neurosci. 2021 Aug 6;15:705348. doi: 10.3389/fncel.2021.705348. eCollection 2021.ABSTRACTMicroRNA (miRNA) is a non-coding single-stranded small molecule of approximately 21 nucleotides. It degrades or inhibits the translation of RNA by targeting the 3'-UTR. The miRNA plays an important role in the growth, development, differentiation, and functional execution of the nervous ... read more
- A Multi-omic Huntington's Disease Transgenic Sheep-Model Database for Investigating Disease Pathogenesis [NCBI]J Huntingtons Dis. 2021 Aug 18. doi: 10.3233/JHD-210482. Online ahead of print.ABSTRACTBACKGROUND: The pathological mechanism of cellular dysfunction and death in Huntington's disease (HD) is not well defined. Our transgenic HD sheep model (OVT73) was generated to investigate these mechanisms and for therapeutic testing. One particular cohort of animals has ... read more
- Patients With Extreme Early Onset Juvenile Huntington Disease Can Have Delays in Diagnosis: A Case Report and Literature Review [NCBI]Child Neurol Open. 2021 Aug 5;8:2329048X211036137. doi: 10.1177/2329048X211036137. eCollection 2021 Jan-Dec.ABSTRACTHuntington disease (HD) is caused by a pathologic cytosine-adenine-guanine (CAG) trinucleotide repeat expansion in the HTT gene. Typical adult-onset disease occurs with a minimum of 40 repeats. With more than 60 CAG repeats, patients can have juvenile-onset disease (jHD), with ... read more
- Cognitive decline in Huntington's disease in the Digitalized Arithmetic Task (DAT) [NCBI]PLoS One. 2021 Aug 23;16(8):e0253064. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0253064. eCollection 2021.ABSTRACTBACKGROUND: Efficient cognitive tasks sensitive to longitudinal deterioration in small cohorts of Huntington's disease (HD) patients are lacking in HD research. We thus developed and assessed the digitized arithmetic task (DAT), which combines inner language and executive functions in approximately 4 minutes.METHODS: ... read more
- Huntingtin Polyglutamine Fragments Are a Substrate for Hsp104 in Yeast [NCBI]Mol Cell Biol. 2021 Aug 23:MCB0012221. doi: 10.1128/MCB.00122-21. Online ahead of print.ABSTRACTThe aggregation of huntingtin fragments with expanded polyglutamine repeat regions (HttpolyQ) that cause Huntington's disease depends on the presence of a prion with an amyloid conformation in yeast. As a result of this relationship, HttpolyQ aggregation indirectly depends on ... read more
- Glucose Transporter 3 in Neuronal Glucose Metabolism: Health and Diseases [NCBI]Metabolism. 2021 Aug 20:154869. doi: 10.1016/j.metabol.2021.154869. Online ahead of print.ABSTRACTNeurons obtain glucose from extracellular environment for energy production mainly depending on glucose transporter 3 (GLUT3). GLUT3 uptakes glucose with high affinity and great transport capacity, and is important for neuronal energy metabolism. This review summarized the role of neuronal GLUT3 ... read more
- Genome-wide screen identifies curli amyloid fibril as a bacterial component promoting host neurodegeneration [NCBI]Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2021 Aug 24;118(34):e2106504118. doi: 10.1073/pnas.2106504118.ABSTRACTGrowing evidence indicates that gut microbiota play a critical role in regulating the progression of neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease. The molecular mechanism underlying such microbe-host interaction is unclear. In this study, by feeding Caenorhabditis elegans expressing human ... read more
- Huntington's disease: diagnosis and management [NCBI]Pract Neurol. 2021 Aug 19:practneurol-2021-003074. doi: 10.1136/practneurol-2021-003074. Online ahead of print.ABSTRACTHuntington's disease (HD) is an inherited neurodegenerative disease characterised by neuropsychiatric symptoms, a movement disorder (most commonly choreiform) and progressive cognitive impairment. The diagnosis is usually confirmed through identification of an increased CAG repeat length in the huntingtin gene in ... read more
- The regulatory roles of microRNAs toward pathogenesis and treatments in Huntington's disease [NCBI]J Biomed Sci. 2021 Aug 19;28(1):59. doi: 10.1186/s12929-021-00755-1.ABSTRACTHuntington's disease (HD) is one of neurodegenerative diseases, and is defined as a monogenetic disease due to the mutation of Huntingtin gene. This disease affects several cellular functions in neurons, and further influences motor and cognitive ability, leading to the suffering of devastating ... read more
